RESUMEN
Antecedentes: El dolor posoperatorio en adultos mayores es frecuente y, si no se evalúa
y trata oportunamente, afecta la recuperación, la seguridad y la estancia hospitalaria.
Aunque existen múltiples instrumentos, pocos han sido estudiados de manera seriada en
geriatría sometida a cirugía electiva no cardiaca. En México se dispone de la Escala Facial
del Dolor (EFD) validada en adultos mayores; su desempeño con mediciones repetidas en
las primeras 24 horas posquirúrgicas no se ha documentado.
Objetivo general: Se evaluó el nivel de dolor postoperatorio en cirugía electiva no cardíaca
empleando la Escala Facial del Dolor en paciente geriátrico a las 0, 12 y 24 horas en el
HGZ No. 2, Aguascalientes.
Material y métodos: Observacional de cohorte prospectiva, longitudinal y unicéntrico en el
HGZ No. 2. Se incluyeron pacientes ≥60 años con cirugía electiva no cardiaca y
consentimiento informado. Se registraron edad, sexo, comorbilidades, ASA y uso de
analgésicos. La EFD se midió a 0, 12 y 24 horas. Se aplicó estadística descriptiva y un
modelo de medidas repetidas intra-sujeto para comparar tiempos (p bilateral < 0.05).
Procesamiento en SPSS v27.
Resultados: Se analizaron 50 pacientes (74.6 ± 8.7 años; 52 % hombres). El 80 % presentó
≥1 comorbilidad (hipertensión 40 %, diabetes 32 %, enfermedad renal crónica 12 %) y 98
% fue ASA II. La analgesia fue multimodal, con uso predominante de paracetamol (82 %),
fentanilo (46 %), ketorolaco (44 %) y metamizol (36 %). La EFD disminuyó de 2.22 ± 0.93
(0 h) a 1.82 ± 1.10 (12 h) y 1.50 ± 1.05 (24 h), con diferencia global significativa (p < 0.001).
Hombres y mujeres mostraron la misma tendencia descendente significativa. Las
diferencias intra-paciente fueron 0–12 h: 0.40 ± 0.67; 12–24 h: 0.32 ± 0.47; 0–24 h: 0.72 ±
0.71, todas significativas.
Conclusiones: En esta cohorte geriátrica de cirugía electiva no cardiaca, la EFD evidenció
una reducción progresiva y significativa del dolor durante las primeras 24 horas y
sensibilidad para detectar cambios en intervalos cortos. Los hallazgos respaldan su utilidad
operativa para el seguimiento temprano del dolor posoperatorio en el contexto institucional.
Palabras clave: Dolor posoperatorio, medición del dolor, escala facial del dolor, geriatría,
cirugía electiva.
Abstract
Background: Postoperative pain in older adults is common and, if not properly assessed
and treated, affects recovery, safety, and length of stay. Although multiple instruments exist,
few have been studied serially in geriatric patients undergoing elective non-cardiac surgery.
In Mexico, the Facial Pain Scale (EFD) has been validated in older adults; however, its
performance with repeated measurements during the first 24 postoperative hours has been
sparsely documented. This study addressed that gap by evaluating pain trajectories using
the EFD in a second-level hospital.
General Objective: To assess postoperative pain with the EFD at 0, 12, and 24 hours in
geriatric patients undergoing elective non-cardiac surgery at HGZ No. 2 Aguascalientes, and
to estimate its within-patient sensitivity to change.
Materials and Methods: Prospective, longitudinal, single-center cohort at HGZ No. 2.
Patients ≥60 years scheduled for elective non-cardiac surgery and providing informed
consent were included. Age, sex, comorbidities, ASA class, and analgesic use were
recorded. EFD was measured at 0, 12, and 24 hours. Descriptive statistics and a within-
subject repeated-measures model compared time points (two-sided α < 0.05). Analyses
were performed in SPSS v27.
Results: Fifty patients were analyzed (74.6 ± 8.7 years; 52% men). At least one comorbidity
was present in 80% (hypertension 40%, diabetes 32%, chronic kidney disease 12%); 98%
were ASA II. Multimodal analgesia predominated, mainly acetaminophen (82%), fentanyl
(46%), ketorolac (44%), and metamizole (36%). Mean EFD decreased from 2.22 ± 0.93 (0
h) to 1.82 ± 1.10 (12 h) and 1.50 ± 1.05 (24 h), with a significant global difference (p < 0.001).
Men and women showed the same significant downward trend. Within-patient differences
were 0–12 h: 0.40 ± 0.67; 12–24 h: 0.32 ± 0.47; 0–24 h: 0.72 ± 0.71, all statistically
significant.
Conclusions: In this geriatric cohort undergoing elective non-cardiac surgery, the EFD
captured a progressive and statistically significant reduction in pain during the first 24 hours
and demonstrated sensitivity to detect short-interval changes. These findings support its
operational utility for early postoperative pain monitoring in our institutional setting.
Keywords: Postoperative pain, pain measurement, facial pain scale, geriatrics, elective
surgery.