RESUMEN:
Se realizó un estudio de casos con el objetivo de analizar cuáles son los factores que, en los niveles de escuela, de aula y de sistema educativo, caracterizan a un Telebachillerato Comunitario de alta eficacia en el estado de Aguascalientes. Este subsistema ha sido uno de los que presentan mayor crecimiento debido a los bajos costos que implica su instauración y atiende en su mayoría a jóvenes en situación de vulnerabilidad económica.
Para el acercamiento metodológico se eligieron tres planteles. Dos de ellos se seleccionaron con base en la estimación del nivel de eficacia escolar basada en modelos estadísticos jerárquicos lineales HLM, que se realizó en un estudio previo; uno se consideró de alta y otro de baja eficacia escolar. Un tercer plantel se seleccionó de entre los Telebachilleratos de reciente creación y como representativo de los mismos. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas con Coordinadores, profesores y estudiantes de estas tres escuelas. Además, se observaron tres clases de cada profesor, la infraestructura de los planteles, así como algunas actividades académicas y extraescolares organizadas por estas instituciones.
De forma consistente con estudios similares, se encontraron diferencias importantes entre estos Telebachilleratos en dos ejes de exploración: el liderazgo y el clima escolar. En particular se identificaron como elementos que facilitan la eficacia y mejora escolar los siguientes: mantener relaciones cercanas con los estudiantes y profesores; promover el trabajo en equipo; establecer espacios que permitan la comunicación fluida; incentivar a la participación de todos los integrantes de la comunidad escolar en las acciones emprendidas en busca de la mejora; mantener un clima escolar en el que prevalezca el respeto, la buena comunicación y las altas expectativas; y el desarrollo de clases ordenadas, en las que se consiga la participación de los estudiantes.
Se identificó que, si bien el Telebachillerato Comunitario cumple con su función de ampliación de la cobertura y cuenta con profesores con una amplia experiencia y dispuestos a trabajar en busca de la calidad, necesita ser fortalecido para que además pueda contribuir a generar un sistema educativo con mayor equidad, que proporcione a sus estudiantes las competencias necesarias para desenvolverse en la sociedad actual.
ABSTRACT:
A case study was carried out with the objective of analyzing which are the factors that, at the levels of school, classroom and educational system, characterize a highly effective Community Tele-High School in the state of Aguascalientes. This subsystem has been one of the ones that show the greatest growth due to the low costs involved in its establishment and serves mostly young people in situations of economic vulnerability.
Three schools were chosen for the methodological approach. Two of them were selected based on the estimation of the school effectiveness level based upon hierarchical linear statistical models (HLM), which was carried out in a previous study; one school was considered to have elevated school effectiveness and the other one had low school effectiveness. A third campus was selected from among the Community Tele-High Schools of recent creation as representative of them. Semistructured interviews were conducted with Coordinators, teachers and students of these three schools. In addition, three classes of each teacher were observed as well as the infrastructure of the schools and some academic and extracurricular activities organized by these institutions.
Consistent with similar studies, there were important differences between these Community Tele-High Schools in two areas of exploration: leadership and school climate. In particular, the following were identified as elements that facilitate school effectiveness and improvement: maintaining close relationships with students and teachers; promoting teamwork; establishing spaces that allow fluid communication; encouraging the participation of all members of the school community in the actions undertaken in search of improvement; maintaining a school climate in which respect, good communication and high expectations prevail; and the development of orderly classes, in which the participation of students is achieved.
It was identified that, although the Community Tele-High School fulfills its function of expanding coverage and has professors with extensive experience and willing to work in search of quality, it needs to be strengthened so that it can also contribute to generating an educational system with greater equity, which provides its students with the necessary skills to function in today's society.
